evam 的用法

[indecl.不變化詞]

意為: thus, in this way, in such a manner, such, 如是、依此、如此

(it is not found in the oldest hymns of the veda-, where its place is taken by
1. ev/a-,but occurs in later hymns ind. in the brāhmaṇa-s, especially in connection with vid-,"to know", and its derivatives[ exempli gratia, 'for example' ya evaṃ veda-,he who knows so; see evaṃ-v/id-, column 3];
evam-常見於古典梵文，通常予字根 vac-,"to speak 說", and śru-,"to hear 聽" 同用, 與其前後出現的字都有參考。

如例句:
evam uktvā-,having so said;
evam evaitat-,this is so;
evam astu-or evam bhavatu-,be it so, I assent; 
asty evam-,it is so;
yady evam-,if this be so;
kim evam-,how so? what is the meaning of it? what does this refer to?
maivam-,not so!
evam-- yathā-or yathā-- evam-,so - as]

eva 的用法

indecl. 與其他副詞同用時，eva 的意思有英文下列這些意思: just, exactly, very, same, only, even, alone, merely, immediately on, still, already, 等等。例句如下:

一、 tvam eva yantā nānyo 'sti pṛthivyām-,thou alone art a charioteer, no other is on earth, i.e. thou art the best charioteer ; 

二、tāvatīm eva rātrim-, just so long as a night; 

三、evam- eva-or tathaiva-, exactly so, in this manner only;in the same manner as above; 

四、tenaiva mantreṇa-,with the same mantra- as above; 

五、apaḥ spṛṣṭvaiva-,by merely touching water;

六、tān eva-,these very people; 

七、na cirād eva-,in no long time at all;

八、japyenaiva-,by sole repetition; 

九、abhuktvaiva-,even without having eaten; 

十、iti vadann eva-,at the very moment of saying so; 

十一、sa jīvann eva-,he while still living, etc.

如下列，eva 只是虛字沒有任何意義：
tv eva-, caiva-, eva ca- 等等，根據地方權威人士 eva- 的涵義有 emphasis 強調, affirmation 肯定, detraction誣衊, diminution減縮, command 命令, restrainment 限制.

ya 用法

ya - relative pronoun (n. -d) who, that, which, what: nearly always followed by the ordinary correlative tad (± etad or idam) or less frequently idam (m. ayam), adas (m. asau), îdris, tâdrisa, etâvat (tathâ sts. corresponding to the n. yad); occasionally either the rel. or the corr. is dropped. Ya is sts. inaccurately employed in the sense of if any (one).

Uses of the relative calling for special mention are the following:
1. ya is often added (without the copula) to emphasize a subject (e.g. âtma parityâgena yad âsritânam rakshanam, tan nîtividâm na sammatam, protection of dependents at the sacrifice of one's own life is not approved by moralists).Sts. it is thus used without emphasis by the side of a simple subject (e. g. andhah sthaviras ka yah, a blind man and one who is old); rarely a nm. rel. of this kind=an ac. (e.g. sarvân rasân apo heta pasavo ye ka mânushâh, he should avoid selling all sorts of condiments, cattle, and human beings). The n. sg. yad of this emphatic rel. is frequently employed without regard to gender or number, when it may be translated by as for, as regards (e.g. asidhâ râvratam idam manye yad arinâ saha samvâ sah, as for dwelling with an enemy, that I consider as hard as the sword-blade vow); before a noun this yad=that is to say (Br.). Immediately following oratio recta ending with iti yad=at the thought that (cp. cj. yad).

2. 兩個關係代名詞在一句中同用，第二個可翻譯為任何any (如: yad rokate yasmai, bhavet tat tasya sundaram, what pleases any one, that to him is beautiful 令任何人高興的事，對他(都)是美好的！ ).

3. 重複用關係代名詞表概括, 如 ya ya being = whoever, whichever, whatever (followed by the doubled or single corr. tad).

4. ya 通常與其他形容詞共用，例如:
    (a) w. tvam, sa, esha, ayam, asau;
    (b) w. aham (tvam, etc.): yo &zip; ham, I who=since I, or (after a question) that I;
    (c) w. tad, any soever: yad vâ tad vâ, any, any kind of; anything;
    (d) w. tvad=or any other (Br., rare);
    (e) w. intr. ka + ka (V., C., common), + kid (C., very common), + kid api (C., not common), + kana (E., rare), + vâ (C., rare), or + api (C., late, not yet in Manu), immediately following or sts. sepa rated (m. yah kás ka, kas kid, kas kid api, kas kana, ko vâ, or ko &zip; pi, n. yad kim ka, kim kid, kim kid api, kim kana, kim vâ or kim api), whoever, whatever, any soever, any one, no matter who.

(This text is originated from http://sanskritdictionary.com/.)